What are independent and dependent variables?

Independent variables are considered the factors or conditions that researchers manipulate in order to observe their effects, while dependent variables are the outcomes that are measured as a result of the manipulation. This relationship is foundational in research design, as it allows researchers to establish cause-and-effect relationships.

In conducting an experiment, for instance, a researcher might change the level of an independent variable to see how it influences the dependent variable. By manipulating the independent variable, the researcher can assess its impact on the dependent variable, thereby gathering data that reflects this relationship. This distinction is critical for understanding experimental design and accurately interpreting research results.

The other options describe relationships that do not align with the standard definitions of independent and dependent variables, highlighting the importance of correctly identifying these roles in research contexts.