What principle refers to minimizing harms while maximizing benefits?

The principle that refers to minimizing harms while maximizing benefits is known as beneficence. This ethical concept is foundational in research and healthcare, guiding researchers and practitioners to ensure that their actions promote the well-being of individuals and communities. In the context of research methods, beneficence emphasizes the importance of designing studies and interventions that enhance positive outcomes while reducing any potential risks or adverse effects to participants.

This principle is essential for maintaining ethical standards in research. It requires a careful assessment of the potential benefits of a particular study against any potential harms that may arise, ensuring a net positive impact on participants' welfare. Thus, ensuring that actions taken in research not only respect the individuals involved but also contribute positively to broader societal knowledge and health outcomes is the essence of beneficence.

The other options represent different ethical considerations but do not specifically encompass the balance of minimizing harms against maximizing benefits. Justice pertains to the fair distribution of research benefits and burdens, respect for persons emphasizes autonomy and informed decision-making, and informed consent is about ensuring participants are fully aware of the research implications before agreeing to participate. While these principles are all vital to ethical research practices, beneficence directly addresses the need for maximizing good outcomes while mitigating negative impacts.