Which type of research aims to identify relationships between variables and often seeks to explain 'why'?

The focus of explanatory research is to identify and clarify the relationships between variables and to explore the reasons behind a particular phenomenon. This type of research seeks to answer questions about 'how' and 'why' certain events or behaviors occur, making it distinct from other research methods. By utilizing hypotheses and testing them through various methodologies, explanatory research provides insights into causal relationships in a systematic manner.

For instance, in the context of criminal justice, explanatory research might investigate why crime rates fluctuate in certain neighborhoods or how specific interventions affect recidivism rates. Such studies typically involve more complex data analysis techniques and frameworks, enabling researchers to draw conclusions regarding causality, which is pivotal for informing policy-making and intervention strategies.

In comparison, exploratory research primarily aims to generate new ideas and understand a subject without a specific hypothesis, descriptive research focuses on detailing characteristics of phenomena or populations without delving into cause-and-effect relationships, and evaluative research assesses the effectiveness of programs or interventions. Each of these approaches serves distinct purposes in the research landscape, but explanatory research uniquely positions itself to answer deeper questions about the relationships and underlying reasons behind observed patterns.